Voltage drop:

Voltage drop in a line occurs due to the resistance (or impedance) of the conductors carrying the current. Here are the main factors contributing to voltage drop:

1. Conductor Resistance:

 Every conductor has some inherent resistance, and longer or thinner wires have higher resistance, leading to more voltage drop.

2. Current Flow:

 Higher current flow increases the voltage drop. According to Ohm's Law (V = I * R), the voltage drop increases with current.

3. Power Factor:

 In AC systems, a low power factor increases the voltage drop because more current is required to deliver the same amount of power.

4. Conductor Temperature: Higher temperatures increase the resistance of the conductor, thus increasing the voltage drop.

To prevent or reduce voltage drop:

1. Use Thicker Conductors:

 Using conductors with a larger cross-sectional area reduces resistance.

2. Shorten Cable Lengths:

 Reducing the length of the conductors minimizes the resistance and thus the voltage drop.

3. Increase Voltage Level:

 Transmitting power at higher voltages reduces current for the same power level, which in turn reduces voltage drop.

4. Use Conductors with Lower Resistance:
 Materials like copper or aluminum with lower resistance help reduce voltage drop.

5. Improve Power Factor: 

Using power factor correction devices such as capacitors or synchronous condensers can reduce the amount of current required and thus the voltage drop.

6. Proper Connection and Maintenance: 

Ensuring all connections are secure and free from corrosion helps reduce resistance at connection points.

By addressing these factors, you can effectively minimize voltage drop in electrical systems.